Hydrocarbon Exposure Biomonitoring

Solvents & VOCs · Solvents & VOCs overview

Aliphatic and mixed-hydrocarbon exposure in refining, petrochemical and bulk fuel handling is verified through a panel approach — n-hexane via 2,5-hexanedione, BTEX components via their specific metabolites, and naphthalene via urinary naphthols.

n-Hexane and the neurotoxic metabolite

n-Hexane is metabolised to 2,5-hexanedione, the neurotoxic metabolite responsible for the peripheral neuropathy seen in heavily exposed workers. Urinary 2,5-hexanedione end-of-shift (ACGIH BEI 0.4 mg/l) is the recommended biomarker.

BTEX panel

Benzene (S-PMA), toluene (o-cresol), ethylbenzene (mandelic acid) and xylenes (methylhippuric acids) are routinely measured together in refinery and petrochemical settings where mixed exposure is the norm.

Polycyclic aromatic markers

Naphthalene exposure (creosote, certain crude streams) is monitored by urinary 1- and 2-naphthol. Pyrene exposure in coke ovens, asphalt and aluminium smelting is monitored by 1-hydroxypyrene as a marker of total PAH burden.